AstraZeneca, Moderna, Johnson and Johnson?.. C0VID-19 Vaccines, how different are they?
There are currently four approved COVID-19 vaccines by the World Health Organization. These are; AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer, and Johnson and Johnson’s.
Simon Rick 
These vaccines work by aiding the immune system to develop Corona-fighting antibodies. Vaccines help reduce the effects of illnesses or prevent infections by teaching the human system how to fight a certain infection or virus.
Source: United Nations
There are three main techniques on how vaccines work. The first fundamental concept is through the use of (mRNA) Messenger RNA. (mRNA) works by delivering instructions to cells on how to make a Corona-specific protein found on the surface of the virus called the S protein. Once the cells create this harmless protein, the immune system develops antibodies to fight the protein off, as such in case the Coronavirus enters the body, the immune system will be on guard, having been equipped with the technique to fight. The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines utilize the mRNA concept.
Source: BBC.com
The other technique is through the use of a vector. A vector vaccine works by having the COVID-19 genetic material placed inside a (viral vector) a harmless modified version of a similar virus like the Flu. Once the genetic material reaches the cells, the cells are instructed to create the virus-specific S protein that antibodies train to fight off. This technique was applied to the AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson, and Oxford vaccines.
Source: Business Today
The last key concept is the protein subunit vaccine. This type of vaccine works by delivering the COVID-19-S protein directly into the immune system, where subsequently the immune system responds by taking defensive measures teaching the body to protect itself from future attacks. The Novavax vaccine is based on this technique.
